MJN 2026 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 32 No.1, 2026
Table of Content
Herbal teas for gastritis: A narrative review and bibliometric analysis of Acorus calamus, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Piper betle
Anis Fadhlina, Nor Hafizah Zakaria, Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid, Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh & Muhammad Afnan Shakir Hairani
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0054
Herbal teas for gastritis: A narrative review and bibliometric analysis of Acorus calamus, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Piper betle
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Medicinal herbs Acorus calamus, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Piper betle have been traditionally used for treating stomach-related conditions such as irregular bowel movement, bloating, and gastric ulcers. The present study aimed to explore current status, research trends, and future directions of these herbs as functional herbal teas in prevention and treatment of gastritis.
Methods: A total of 80 articles from Scopus database were retrieved and reviewed. Research trends were quantitatively analysed using VOSviewer software, focusing on the keywords, authors, countries, journals, and documents. A narrative review was integrated to provide comprehensive insights into the study.
Results: Analysis revealed China and India as driving forces of this specific area of research, with the Journal of Ethnopharmacology emerging as a prominent source for publications in this field. “Curcumin”, “ginger”, and “Helicobacter pylori” were the main keywords of the study. Several gastroprotective mechanisms, including stimulation of mucosal proliferation, regulation of gastric acid production, reduction of inflammation in the gastric mucosa, protection of the gastric mucosa from oxidative damage, and inhibition of the growth of H. pylori, were associated with these herbs. Active compounds, such as α-asarone, curcumin, gingerol, and piperbetol, were found to be responsible for these effects.
Conclusion: This study highlights various gastroprotective properties of A. calamus, C. longa, Z. officinale, and P. betle, providing researchers with a deeper understanding of the subject matter and opening new avenues for potential development into a functional herbal tea formulation known as “Lega Tea” (Relief Tea).
Key words: bibliometric, gastritis, gastroprotective, herbal tea, Helicobacter pylori, VOSviewer
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Introduction: Medicinal herbs Acorus calamus, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Piper betle have been traditionally used for treating stomach-related conditions such as irregular bowel movement, bloating, and gastric ulcers. The present study aimed to explore current status, research trends, and future directions of these herbs as functional herbal teas in prevention and treatment of gastritis.
Methods: A total of 80 articles from Scopus database were retrieved and reviewed. Research trends were quantitatively analysed using VOSviewer software, focusing on the keywords, authors, countries, journals, and documents. A narrative review was integrated to provide comprehensive insights into the study.
Results: Analysis revealed China and India as driving forces of this specific area of research, with the Journal of Ethnopharmacology emerging as a prominent source for publications in this field. “Curcumin”, “ginger”, and “Helicobacter pylori” were the main keywords of the study. Several gastroprotective mechanisms, including stimulation of mucosal proliferation, regulation of gastric acid production, reduction of inflammation in the gastric mucosa, protection of the gastric mucosa from oxidative damage, and inhibition of the growth of H. pylori, were associated with these herbs. Active compounds, such as α-asarone, curcumin, gingerol, and piperbetol, were found to be responsible for these effects.
Conclusion: This study highlights various gastroprotective properties of A. calamus, C. longa, Z. officinale, and P. betle, providing researchers with a deeper understanding of the subject matter and opening new avenues for potential development into a functional herbal tea formulation known as “Lega Tea” (Relief Tea).
Key words: bibliometric, gastritis, gastroprotective, herbal tea, Helicobacter pylori, VOSviewer
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Comparison of weighing scales for children ages 0 to 59 months in two municipalities in Laguna, Philippines
Maria Theresa M. Talavera, Divine Grace C. Domingo, Nancy A. Tandang, Leila S. Africa, Angelina R. Bustos, Daniel G. Salunga & Ellen Ruth F. Abella
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0019
Comparison of weighing scales for children ages 0 to 59 months in two municipalities in Laguna, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Accurate weight measurement is critical for assessing growth and nutritional status in children, yet errors due to equipment can affect reliability. This study evaluated reliability of weight measurements obtained by community health workers using four weighing tools: SECA model 878, NutriScale Digital, Tanita model HD-662, and mechanical hanging infant weighing scale.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two municipalities in Laguna, Philippines, where three pairs of end-users measured weight of 80 children aged 0-59 months in house-to-house and stationary setups across rural and urban areas. Inter- and intra-measurer reliability were assessed using correlation coefficients (CC), technical error of measurement (TEM), and coefficient of variation (CV). Benchmark values included TEM < 0.1 kg and acceptable %TEM thresholds (≤1.5% intra-measurer; ≤2% inter-measurer).
Results: All four tools demonstrated acceptable reliability. NutriScale and Tanita consistently recorded the lowest TEM and %TEM values across settings, followed by SECA, which also met acceptable standards. Variability in measurements, however, was observed between house-to-house and stationary setups, particularly in rural areas. Differences in tool performance appeared influenced not only by the device characteristics but also by contextual factors such as measurer consistency, child’s age, and environmental conditions.
Conclusion: Although NutriScale and Tanita showed higher consistency, measurement accuracy cannot be attributed to the scale alone. Field variability, proper calibration, and adequate measurer training remain critical for reliable assessments. Future research with larger samples and age stratification is recommended to better evaluate scale performance and inform tool selection for community-based programmes such as Operation Timbang (OPT).
Key words: accuracy, anthropometry, Philippines, reliability, technical error of measurement
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Introduction: Accurate weight measurement is critical for assessing growth and nutritional status in children, yet errors due to equipment can affect reliability. This study evaluated reliability of weight measurements obtained by community health workers using four weighing tools: SECA model 878, NutriScale Digital, Tanita model HD-662, and mechanical hanging infant weighing scale.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two municipalities in Laguna, Philippines, where three pairs of end-users measured weight of 80 children aged 0-59 months in house-to-house and stationary setups across rural and urban areas. Inter- and intra-measurer reliability were assessed using correlation coefficients (CC), technical error of measurement (TEM), and coefficient of variation (CV). Benchmark values included TEM < 0.1 kg and acceptable %TEM thresholds (≤1.5% intra-measurer; ≤2% inter-measurer).
Results: All four tools demonstrated acceptable reliability. NutriScale and Tanita consistently recorded the lowest TEM and %TEM values across settings, followed by SECA, which also met acceptable standards. Variability in measurements, however, was observed between house-to-house and stationary setups, particularly in rural areas. Differences in tool performance appeared influenced not only by the device characteristics but also by contextual factors such as measurer consistency, child’s age, and environmental conditions.
Conclusion: Although NutriScale and Tanita showed higher consistency, measurement accuracy cannot be attributed to the scale alone. Field variability, proper calibration, and adequate measurer training remain critical for reliable assessments. Future research with larger samples and age stratification is recommended to better evaluate scale performance and inform tool selection for community-based programmes such as Operation Timbang (OPT).
Key words: accuracy, anthropometry, Philippines, reliability, technical error of measurement
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Home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education improve weight gain among pregnant women at nutritional risk in Jagakarsa Subdistrict, Jakarta, Indonesia: a pilot study
Didit Damayanti, Sa’diah Multi Karina, Kun Aristiati Susiloretni, Iskari Ngadiarti & Leliyana Nursanti
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0076
Home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education improve weight gain among pregnant women at nutritional risk in Jagakarsa Subdistrict, Jakarta, Indonesia: a pilot study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The government of Indonesia runs a food supplementation programme in the form of biscuits for undernourished pregnant mothers. However, a home-delivered cooked foods programme using catering services has not been explored in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effect of home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education on pregnant women’s gestational weight gain.
Methods: This study employed a non-randomised controlled, open-label, parallel design. It enrolled 66 women consecutively assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education, while control group received usual care at Public Health Centres (PHCs).
Results: After two months of intervention, the average increase in body weight of women in intervention group was 4.7±3.0 kg, which was significantly higher than that observed in control group (3.3±1.8 kg). After adjusting for maternal nutritional status, weight before pregnancy, height, gestational age, and age, mothers who received home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education gained 1.50 kg (95% CI 0.31, 2.70, p=0.015) more weight than those who did not.
Conclusion: Home-delivered cooked foods combined with nutrition education improved body weight of pregnant women at nutritional risk. Further studies are recommended to determine impact of home-delivered cooked foods on pregnancy outcomes. These study findings advocate and support Indonesian and local governments in potentially implementing a programme that offers home-delivered cooked foods through cateringservices to pregnant women at nutritional risk.
Key words: dietary supplementations, gestational weight gain, maternal nutrition
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Introduction: The government of Indonesia runs a food supplementation programme in the form of biscuits for undernourished pregnant mothers. However, a home-delivered cooked foods programme using catering services has not been explored in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effect of home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education on pregnant women’s gestational weight gain.
Methods: This study employed a non-randomised controlled, open-label, parallel design. It enrolled 66 women consecutively assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education, while control group received usual care at Public Health Centres (PHCs).
Results: After two months of intervention, the average increase in body weight of women in intervention group was 4.7±3.0 kg, which was significantly higher than that observed in control group (3.3±1.8 kg). After adjusting for maternal nutritional status, weight before pregnancy, height, gestational age, and age, mothers who received home-delivered cooked foods and nutrition education gained 1.50 kg (95% CI 0.31, 2.70, p=0.015) more weight than those who did not.
Conclusion: Home-delivered cooked foods combined with nutrition education improved body weight of pregnant women at nutritional risk. Further studies are recommended to determine impact of home-delivered cooked foods on pregnancy outcomes. These study findings advocate and support Indonesian and local governments in potentially implementing a programme that offers home-delivered cooked foods through cateringservices to pregnant women at nutritional risk.
Key words: dietary supplementations, gestational weight gain, maternal nutrition
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Assessment of nutritional status and nutrient intake of teenage pregnant women in the Philippines
Emily O. Rongavilla, Joanne Jette S. Gulay, Eldridge B. Ferrer, Rowena V. Viajar, Georgina S. Caraig & Julieta B. Dorado
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0066
Assessment of nutritional status and nutrient intake of teenage pregnant women in the Philippines
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Teenage pregnancy is a persistent global health challenge, with an estimated 13% of females below 18 years having given birth in 2022 (UNICEF, 2024). In the Philippines, approximately 5% of females aged 15–19 years have experienced pregnancy or childbirth (PSA, 2022). This study evaluated the nutritional and health status, nutrient intake, health-seeking behaviours, and participation in government programmes among pregnant adolescents (PAs) aged 10-19 years in selected municipalities in Batangas, Laguna, and Quezon Provinces.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed in 2022, involving 165 PAs and 28 key informants (KIs) interviewed via mobile or video calls during the COVID-19 pandemic. Energy and nutrient intake were assessed using a 24-hour food recall.
Results: Among participants (mean age 17.7 years), 50% were nutritionally at risk, 70% had normal blood pressure, 24% were pre-hypertensive, and 6% were hypertensive. Mean energy intake ranged from 2,267 kcal (16–18 years) to 2,791 kcal (13–15 years), with only one-third to one-half meeting recommended intake levels (p=0.087). Protein adequacy ranged from 59 to 70%, while calcium (28–39%) and iron (5–10%) intakes were markedly deficient. Niacin adequacy differed significantly across age groups (p=0.036). These findings align with national data, where only 14.9% of PAs meet energy intake, and 23% are anaemic (DOST-FNRI, 2023). Cultural beliefs (67.3%) and food fallacies (53.3%) were common, while 64% said needed programmes and services were available.
Conclusion: The findings highlighted significant nutritional deficiencies, underscoring the need for intensified monitoring, targeted nutritional interventions, and comprehensive educational strategies to support adolescent maternal health.
Key words: adolescent pregnancy, diet, government programme, nutritional status
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Introduction: Teenage pregnancy is a persistent global health challenge, with an estimated 13% of females below 18 years having given birth in 2022 (UNICEF, 2024). In the Philippines, approximately 5% of females aged 15–19 years have experienced pregnancy or childbirth (PSA, 2022). This study evaluated the nutritional and health status, nutrient intake, health-seeking behaviours, and participation in government programmes among pregnant adolescents (PAs) aged 10-19 years in selected municipalities in Batangas, Laguna, and Quezon Provinces.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed in 2022, involving 165 PAs and 28 key informants (KIs) interviewed via mobile or video calls during the COVID-19 pandemic. Energy and nutrient intake were assessed using a 24-hour food recall.
Results: Among participants (mean age 17.7 years), 50% were nutritionally at risk, 70% had normal blood pressure, 24% were pre-hypertensive, and 6% were hypertensive. Mean energy intake ranged from 2,267 kcal (16–18 years) to 2,791 kcal (13–15 years), with only one-third to one-half meeting recommended intake levels (p=0.087). Protein adequacy ranged from 59 to 70%, while calcium (28–39%) and iron (5–10%) intakes were markedly deficient. Niacin adequacy differed significantly across age groups (p=0.036). These findings align with national data, where only 14.9% of PAs meet energy intake, and 23% are anaemic (DOST-FNRI, 2023). Cultural beliefs (67.3%) and food fallacies (53.3%) were common, while 64% said needed programmes and services were available.
Conclusion: The findings highlighted significant nutritional deficiencies, underscoring the need for intensified monitoring, targeted nutritional interventions, and comprehensive educational strategies to support adolescent maternal health.
Key words: adolescent pregnancy, diet, government programme, nutritional status
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Differences in infant and young child feeding practices of caregivers in inland and coastal communities in Camarines Sur, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
Jeena Sandra R. Manrique-De Hitta, Kim Leonard G. dela Luna, Mildred O. Guirindola & Francesca Lauren F. Vivas
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0028
Differences in infant and young child feeding practices of caregivers in inland and coastal communities in Camarines Sur, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Residential settlement is seen as a contributing factor to the diet of children. This study aimed to investigate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices between coastal and inland communities of Camarines Sur, Philippines.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 628 caregivers of infants and young children aged 0-23.9 months. Socio-demographic data were gathered. IYCF practices were assessed through face-to-face interviews using a list of indicators from World Health Organization guidelines. Descriptive and inferential statistics using chi-square test of association were done.
Results: The majority of children were breastfed (coastal=97.1%; inland=96.8%; p=0.83), with most breastfed within 1 hour after birth (coastal areas 85.3%; inland areas 86.7%). However, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was low for both areas (57.0% and 47.0%, respectively, p=0.58). Minimum meal frequency, continued breastfeeding until 23.9 months, and appropriate complementary feeding for children 6-8 months were also low in both areas. Meanwhile, unhealthy food consumption (inland: 85.4%; coastal: 79.8%) and zero consumption of vegetables or fruits were higher in inland areas. Consumption of meat products and sweet beverages was observed to be higher in coastal areas (coastal: 26.8%; inland: 16.9%).
Conclusion: Minimal differences were seen in IYCF practices of caregivers between coastal and inland communities. However, the study found a notable difference in the consumption of sweet beverages, where coastal areas had significantly higher rates. This suggests that interventions must be made to educate caregivers to improve the diets of infants and young children.
Key words: breastfeeding, complementary feeding, formula feeding, infant and young child feeding
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Introduction: Residential settlement is seen as a contributing factor to the diet of children. This study aimed to investigate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices between coastal and inland communities of Camarines Sur, Philippines.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 628 caregivers of infants and young children aged 0-23.9 months. Socio-demographic data were gathered. IYCF practices were assessed through face-to-face interviews using a list of indicators from World Health Organization guidelines. Descriptive and inferential statistics using chi-square test of association were done.
Results: The majority of children were breastfed (coastal=97.1%; inland=96.8%; p=0.83), with most breastfed within 1 hour after birth (coastal areas 85.3%; inland areas 86.7%). However, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was low for both areas (57.0% and 47.0%, respectively, p=0.58). Minimum meal frequency, continued breastfeeding until 23.9 months, and appropriate complementary feeding for children 6-8 months were also low in both areas. Meanwhile, unhealthy food consumption (inland: 85.4%; coastal: 79.8%) and zero consumption of vegetables or fruits were higher in inland areas. Consumption of meat products and sweet beverages was observed to be higher in coastal areas (coastal: 26.8%; inland: 16.9%).
Conclusion: Minimal differences were seen in IYCF practices of caregivers between coastal and inland communities. However, the study found a notable difference in the consumption of sweet beverages, where coastal areas had significantly higher rates. This suggests that interventions must be made to educate caregivers to improve the diets of infants and young children.
Key words: breastfeeding, complementary feeding, formula feeding, infant and young child feeding
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Effectiveness of sports nutrition education on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) scores, eating behaviours, and energy availability among athletes: A scoping review (2015-2024)
Muhammad Qasim Raza, Ayu Suzailiana Muhamad & Marilyn Li Yin Ong
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0133
Effectiveness of sports nutrition education on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) scores, eating behaviours, and energy availability among athletes: A scoping review (2015-2024)
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Sports nutrition is critical for optimising athletes’ performance, recovery, and health. Despite its importance, significant gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among athletes often lead to suboptimal dietary habits and impaired energy balance. Sports nutrition education interventions have emerged as a promising strategy to address these deficiencies. This scoping review examined effectiveness of sports nutrition education programmes on KAP, eating behaviours, and energy availability among athletes from 2015 to 2024.
Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus was conducted using relevant keywords. Out of 394 studies initially screened, 12 met inclusion criteria, comprising intervention-based study designs, including randomised-controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and pre-post studies. Studies were considered eligible if they involved athletes, incorporated a nutrition education component, and assessed at least one outcome related to KAP, eating behaviour, or energy availability.
Results: Most studies reported significant improvements in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices, accompanied by positive changes in dietary behaviours. Interventions delivered via classroom instruction, digital platforms, or blended methods demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness. Key findings included increased energy availability, better dietary adherence, and favourable changes in body composition. Variations in duration of intervention programme delivery and participant characteristics led to the wide range of outcomes observed.
Conclusion: Sports nutrition education can improve athletes’ nutrition knowledge and encourage healthier dietary practices. These interventions may contribute to better energy management, improved health, and enhanced sports performance, although further research is needed to evaluate their long-term effectiveness across different athlete populations.
Key words: athletes, dietary behaviour, education, knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP), sports nutrition
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Introduction: Sports nutrition is critical for optimising athletes’ performance, recovery, and health. Despite its importance, significant gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among athletes often lead to suboptimal dietary habits and impaired energy balance. Sports nutrition education interventions have emerged as a promising strategy to address these deficiencies. This scoping review examined effectiveness of sports nutrition education programmes on KAP, eating behaviours, and energy availability among athletes from 2015 to 2024.
Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus was conducted using relevant keywords. Out of 394 studies initially screened, 12 met inclusion criteria, comprising intervention-based study designs, including randomised-controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and pre-post studies. Studies were considered eligible if they involved athletes, incorporated a nutrition education component, and assessed at least one outcome related to KAP, eating behaviour, or energy availability.
Results: Most studies reported significant improvements in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices, accompanied by positive changes in dietary behaviours. Interventions delivered via classroom instruction, digital platforms, or blended methods demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness. Key findings included increased energy availability, better dietary adherence, and favourable changes in body composition. Variations in duration of intervention programme delivery and participant characteristics led to the wide range of outcomes observed.
Conclusion: Sports nutrition education can improve athletes’ nutrition knowledge and encourage healthier dietary practices. These interventions may contribute to better energy management, improved health, and enhanced sports performance, although further research is needed to evaluate their long-term effectiveness across different athlete populations.
Key words: athletes, dietary behaviour, education, knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP), sports nutrition
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Rural–urban differences in prevalence and determinants of anaemia among school-aged children in the Philippines
Kim Irvin Protacio,, Jomaica Yvonne de Joya & Cheder Sumangue
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2026-0007
Rural–urban differences in prevalence and determinants of anaemia among school-aged children in the Philippines
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Anaemia remains a significant public health issue among school-aged children in the Philippines, with multifactorial rural–urban disparities and limited evidence on their determinants. To address this gap, this study examined prevalence of anaemia and identified its key determinants among Filipino school-aged children in rural and urban communities.
Methods: A secondary analysis of 5,173 school-aged children from 2018–2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) examined data on biochemical, socioeconomic, anthropometric, food security, and participation in government programmes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted separately by place of residence to identify the determinants of anaemia.
Results: National prevalence of anaemia was 16.6%, classified as a mild public health concern according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, with significantly higher prevalence in rural areas (18.5%) compared with urban areas (13.7%). Overweight and obesity were consistently associated with lower odds of anaemia across settings (national, rural, and urban). At the national level, key determinants included education of household head, sanitation, and non-participation in dietary supplementation programmes. In rural areas, limited education among household heads and poor sanitation were dominant predictors. In contrast, in urban areas, male sex, stunting, underweight, and non-participation in dietary supplementation programmes were influential factors.
Conclusion: Anaemia among Filipino school-aged children reflects complex interplay of nutritional, socioeconomic, environmental, and programme-related factors, with distinct determinants observed between rural and urban settings, highlighting the need for setting-specific interventions.
Key words: anaemia, determinants, Philippines, rural-urban differences, school-aged children
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Introduction: Anaemia remains a significant public health issue among school-aged children in the Philippines, with multifactorial rural–urban disparities and limited evidence on their determinants. To address this gap, this study examined prevalence of anaemia and identified its key determinants among Filipino school-aged children in rural and urban communities.
Methods: A secondary analysis of 5,173 school-aged children from 2018–2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) examined data on biochemical, socioeconomic, anthropometric, food security, and participation in government programmes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted separately by place of residence to identify the determinants of anaemia.
Results: National prevalence of anaemia was 16.6%, classified as a mild public health concern according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, with significantly higher prevalence in rural areas (18.5%) compared with urban areas (13.7%). Overweight and obesity were consistently associated with lower odds of anaemia across settings (national, rural, and urban). At the national level, key determinants included education of household head, sanitation, and non-participation in dietary supplementation programmes. In rural areas, limited education among household heads and poor sanitation were dominant predictors. In contrast, in urban areas, male sex, stunting, underweight, and non-participation in dietary supplementation programmes were influential factors.
Conclusion: Anaemia among Filipino school-aged children reflects complex interplay of nutritional, socioeconomic, environmental, and programme-related factors, with distinct determinants observed between rural and urban settings, highlighting the need for setting-specific interventions.
Key words: anaemia, determinants, Philippines, rural-urban differences, school-aged children
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Relationships between food environment, general nutrition knowledge, and food preferences among international students in a public university in Malaysia
Nurunnisa Kartal Engin, Norhasmah Sulaiman* & Gan Wan Ying
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0069
Relationships between food environment, general nutrition knowledge, and food preferences among international students in a public university in Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The growing population of international students in Malaysia has underscored the need to better understand their food preferences. Despite this, local studies addressing this topic have remained scarce. This study aimed to determine relationships between nutrition knowledge and food environment and their respective contributions to food preferences among international students at a Malaysian public university.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 619 international students. A structured questionnaire was used to assess general nutrition knowledge and food environment. Students were asked to rate their preferences for 77 food items using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from “dislike a lot” (1) to “like a lot” (5). The food items were categorised into six groups, namely animal foods (14 items), starches (12 items), dairy products (8 items), fruits (15 items), vegetables (20 items), and snacks (8 items).
Results: A significant negative relationship was observed between dairy preference and affordability (r=-0.115, p=0.005). Students who lived off campus reported significantly greater preference for vegetables (M=75.49) than those who lived on campus (M=72.84). Nutrition knowledge related to diet, disease, and weight management emerged as the strongest predictor of fruit preference (β=0.257, p< 0.001).
Conclusion: General nutrition knowledge and food accessibility emerged as significant predictors of food preferences. Nutrition intervention programmes and efforts to improve access to fresh food options on campus may help encourage healthier food preferences among international students..
Key words: food environment, food preferences, general nutrition knowledge, international students, Malaysian universities
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Introduction: The growing population of international students in Malaysia has underscored the need to better understand their food preferences. Despite this, local studies addressing this topic have remained scarce. This study aimed to determine relationships between nutrition knowledge and food environment and their respective contributions to food preferences among international students at a Malaysian public university.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 619 international students. A structured questionnaire was used to assess general nutrition knowledge and food environment. Students were asked to rate their preferences for 77 food items using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from “dislike a lot” (1) to “like a lot” (5). The food items were categorised into six groups, namely animal foods (14 items), starches (12 items), dairy products (8 items), fruits (15 items), vegetables (20 items), and snacks (8 items).
Results: A significant negative relationship was observed between dairy preference and affordability (r=-0.115, p=0.005). Students who lived off campus reported significantly greater preference for vegetables (M=75.49) than those who lived on campus (M=72.84). Nutrition knowledge related to diet, disease, and weight management emerged as the strongest predictor of fruit preference (β=0.257, p< 0.001).
Conclusion: General nutrition knowledge and food accessibility emerged as significant predictors of food preferences. Nutrition intervention programmes and efforts to improve access to fresh food options on campus may help encourage healthier food preferences among international students..
Key words: food environment, food preferences, general nutrition knowledge, international students, Malaysian universities
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Associations between food expenditure, food consumption score, food adequacy, and food security level among prison officers in Malaysia
Mohamad Zulkefly Mohamad Yusop, Shamsul Azahari Zainal Badari* & Nur Aqilah Amalina Jaafar
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0127
Associations between food expenditure, food consumption score, food adequacy, and food security level among prison officers in Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Food security, defined as consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, remains a significant challenge in Malaysia, especially among low-income households. This study examined associations between food expenditure, food consumption, food adequacy, and food security among lower-ranking prison officers in the B40 income group.
Methods: Multistage sampling was used to select study locations and prisons in Malaysia. Purposive sampling was used to select 420 officers, who completed a self-administered, validated questionnaire. Data were analysed descriptively and through multiple linear regression to identify key predictors of food security.
Results: All respondents (100%) had acceptable Food Consumption Scores (FCS), with 97.1% showing high food adequacy. However, the vast majority (89.5%) were classified as at risk of food insecurity. Food spending was predominantly directed towards staple cereals and animal proteins, such as chicken and meat, while expenditure on fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was much lower. Food expenditure was strongly linked to food insecurity (β =-0.588, p< 0.001). Similarly, food consumption score (β =-0.087, p=0.038) and food adequacy (β =-0.127, p=0.003) were both negatively associated with food insecurity.
Conclusion: Although Malaysian prison officers generally had adequate diets, a substantial proportion of households remained food insecure, particularly in terms of dietary diversity and micronutrient intake. Household food expenditure, consumption scores, and food adequacy were all linked to lower food insecurity.
Key words: food adequacy, food consumption, food expenditure, food security, Malaysian prison officer
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Introduction: Food security, defined as consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, remains a significant challenge in Malaysia, especially among low-income households. This study examined associations between food expenditure, food consumption, food adequacy, and food security among lower-ranking prison officers in the B40 income group.
Methods: Multistage sampling was used to select study locations and prisons in Malaysia. Purposive sampling was used to select 420 officers, who completed a self-administered, validated questionnaire. Data were analysed descriptively and through multiple linear regression to identify key predictors of food security.
Results: All respondents (100%) had acceptable Food Consumption Scores (FCS), with 97.1% showing high food adequacy. However, the vast majority (89.5%) were classified as at risk of food insecurity. Food spending was predominantly directed towards staple cereals and animal proteins, such as chicken and meat, while expenditure on fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was much lower. Food expenditure was strongly linked to food insecurity (β =-0.588, p< 0.001). Similarly, food consumption score (β =-0.087, p=0.038) and food adequacy (β =-0.127, p=0.003) were both negatively associated with food insecurity.
Conclusion: Although Malaysian prison officers generally had adequate diets, a substantial proportion of households remained food insecure, particularly in terms of dietary diversity and micronutrient intake. Household food expenditure, consumption scores, and food adequacy were all linked to lower food insecurity.
Key words: food adequacy, food consumption, food expenditure, food security, Malaysian prison officer
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 32 (Supplement), 2026
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Table of Content
Malnutrition and quality of life among Malaysian community-dwelling older persons during COVID-19 pandemic
Sakinah Harith, Nur Kamilah Mohd Fauzy, Nur Hazierah Abd Razak & Almira Sitasari
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0040
Malnutrition and quality of life among Malaysian community-dwelling older persons during COVID-19 pandemic
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic affected nutrition among older persons due to disruptions in food supply and shortages of essential medicines, supplements, and food, leading to malnutrition or unhealthy diets. While unhealthy body mass index (BMI) and malnutrition may influence quality of life (QoL), evidence is limited. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between BMI and malnutrition towards QoL among older persons in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Data were obtained through an online questionnaire consisting of self-reported anthropometry, malnutrition assessment using the Malnutrition Risk Screening Tool-Hospital (MRST-H) and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), and the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) for QoL evaluation.
Results: A total of 169 respondents [median age = 64.0 (62.0, 69.5) years], with a mean BMI of 25.5±4.9 kg/m2, participated in the study. Prevalence of malnutrition was 4.2% based on MNA-SF; 30.2% and 33.1% of respondents were identified as being at high risk of malnutrition according to MNASF and MRST-H, respectively. Median score for QoL was 61.1±27.0, indicating good QoL. No significant association was found between BMI and QoL. Higher MNA-SF scores, indicating better nutritional status, were associated with higher QoL. Higher MRST-H scores, indicating higher malnutrition risk, were significantly associated with lower social functioning in QoL.
Conclusion: Addressing malnutrition in older persons is crucial, as it significantly impacts their QoL, especially in the social functioning domain. However, it is still unclear whether malnutrition is a cause or an effect, or perhaps a third potential factor, such as functional status, which acts as a mediator.
Key words: body mass index, malnutrition, older persons, quality of life
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic affected nutrition among older persons due to disruptions in food supply and shortages of essential medicines, supplements, and food, leading to malnutrition or unhealthy diets. While unhealthy body mass index (BMI) and malnutrition may influence quality of life (QoL), evidence is limited. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between BMI and malnutrition towards QoL among older persons in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Data were obtained through an online questionnaire consisting of self-reported anthropometry, malnutrition assessment using the Malnutrition Risk Screening Tool-Hospital (MRST-H) and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), and the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) for QoL evaluation.
Results: A total of 169 respondents [median age = 64.0 (62.0, 69.5) years], with a mean BMI of 25.5±4.9 kg/m2, participated in the study. Prevalence of malnutrition was 4.2% based on MNA-SF; 30.2% and 33.1% of respondents were identified as being at high risk of malnutrition according to MNASF and MRST-H, respectively. Median score for QoL was 61.1±27.0, indicating good QoL. No significant association was found between BMI and QoL. Higher MNA-SF scores, indicating better nutritional status, were associated with higher QoL. Higher MRST-H scores, indicating higher malnutrition risk, were significantly associated with lower social functioning in QoL.
Conclusion: Addressing malnutrition in older persons is crucial, as it significantly impacts their QoL, especially in the social functioning domain. However, it is still unclear whether malnutrition is a cause or an effect, or perhaps a third potential factor, such as functional status, which acts as a mediator.
Key words: body mass index, malnutrition, older persons, quality of life
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Exploring the role of parental food environment in shaping the eating habits of children aged 3-5 years old: A qualitative study
Raden Roro Dwi Agustine Maulianti, Judhiastuty Februhartanty & Nisrina Hanisa
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0052
Exploring the role of parental food environment in shaping the eating habits of children aged 3-5 years old: A qualitative study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Processed food consumption—including sweet snacks, sugary beverages, salty snacks, fatty foods, and instant noodles—remains prevalent among children under five in Jakarta. The 2023 Indonesian Health Survey and 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey reported high rates of consumption and a significant number of wasting cases, potentially linked to poor dietary intake. These trends are especially concerning in urban areas like Jakarta, where children are increasingly exposed to a complex food environment filled with highly accessible and aggressively marketed unhealthy foods. Understanding the role of parental food environment is critical to addressing early childhood nutrition challenges.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in two densely populated subdistricts of Central Jakarta. In-depth interviews were carried out with 16 mothers of children under five, while triangulation was achieved through additional interviews with three grandmothers. To enrich the narratives, mothers were asked to recall their children’s snack consumption over the past month, and observations of nearby food outlets were also recorded. All data were analysed thematically using NVivo 14.
Results: Most mothers allowed processed food consumption due to children’s preferences or difficulty refusing requests. Local shops and mini markets frequently tempted children with sweets, leading some mothers to attempt restrictions. However, inconsistent enforcement, particularly by fathers and grandmothers, undermined these efforts. Marketing strategies such as mascots, discounts, and repeated exposure further reinforced children’s demands.
Conclusion: Mothers struggled to manage children’s snack demands due to high accessibility, but regulating purchases with consistent support from all household caregivers can help reduce unhealthy food consumption.
Key words: child nutrition, food environment, parental strategies, processed foods, snack consumption
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Introduction: Processed food consumption—including sweet snacks, sugary beverages, salty snacks, fatty foods, and instant noodles—remains prevalent among children under five in Jakarta. The 2023 Indonesian Health Survey and 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey reported high rates of consumption and a significant number of wasting cases, potentially linked to poor dietary intake. These trends are especially concerning in urban areas like Jakarta, where children are increasingly exposed to a complex food environment filled with highly accessible and aggressively marketed unhealthy foods. Understanding the role of parental food environment is critical to addressing early childhood nutrition challenges.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in two densely populated subdistricts of Central Jakarta. In-depth interviews were carried out with 16 mothers of children under five, while triangulation was achieved through additional interviews with three grandmothers. To enrich the narratives, mothers were asked to recall their children’s snack consumption over the past month, and observations of nearby food outlets were also recorded. All data were analysed thematically using NVivo 14.
Results: Most mothers allowed processed food consumption due to children’s preferences or difficulty refusing requests. Local shops and mini markets frequently tempted children with sweets, leading some mothers to attempt restrictions. However, inconsistent enforcement, particularly by fathers and grandmothers, undermined these efforts. Marketing strategies such as mascots, discounts, and repeated exposure further reinforced children’s demands.
Conclusion: Mothers struggled to manage children’s snack demands due to high accessibility, but regulating purchases with consistent support from all household caregivers can help reduce unhealthy food consumption.
Key words: child nutrition, food environment, parental strategies, processed foods, snack consumption
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Breakfast eating practices and diet quality among urban and rural Indonesian adults
Vina Hasna Arifa, Helda Khusun, Luh Ade Ari Wiradnyani & Judhiastuty Februhartanty
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0041
Breakfast eating practices and diet quality among urban and rural Indonesian adults
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Diet quality is an important determinant of health; however, many Indonesian adults have poor dietary intake, with low fruit and vegetable consumption and high intake of fats and fried foods. Breakfast plays a crucial role in shaping diet quality and health outcomes, but practices vary widely across populations. Urban adults are more exposed to processed foods and eating out, while rural adults rely on staple-based diets. This study explored the association between breakfast practices and overall diet quality among Indonesian adults in urban and rural areas.
Methods: Data from the Indonesia Food Barometer 2018 were analysed for 770 adults aged 26–45 years from six provinces. Breakfast practices, including consumption, location, companion, activity, and preparation, were assessed alongside socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, job, education level, and wealth index). Diet quality was measured using the Diet Quality Index-International. Statistical analyses included chi-square, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests and linear regression.
Results: In rural areas, gender and breakfast activity were significantly associated with diet quality (p<0.05). In urban areas, age and breakfast consumption were significant factors (p<0.05). Across both settings, breakfast-related practices showed significant associations with diet quality.
Conclusion: Associations between breakfast practices and diet quality differed between urban and rural adults, underscoring the importance of contextspecific strategies. Interventions to improve diet quality should therefore be tailored to local dietary behaviours and environments.
Key words: eating practices, diet quality, Indonesian adults, urban and rural
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Introduction: Diet quality is an important determinant of health; however, many Indonesian adults have poor dietary intake, with low fruit and vegetable consumption and high intake of fats and fried foods. Breakfast plays a crucial role in shaping diet quality and health outcomes, but practices vary widely across populations. Urban adults are more exposed to processed foods and eating out, while rural adults rely on staple-based diets. This study explored the association between breakfast practices and overall diet quality among Indonesian adults in urban and rural areas.
Methods: Data from the Indonesia Food Barometer 2018 were analysed for 770 adults aged 26–45 years from six provinces. Breakfast practices, including consumption, location, companion, activity, and preparation, were assessed alongside socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, job, education level, and wealth index). Diet quality was measured using the Diet Quality Index-International. Statistical analyses included chi-square, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests and linear regression.
Results: In rural areas, gender and breakfast activity were significantly associated with diet quality (p<0.05). In urban areas, age and breakfast consumption were significant factors (p<0.05). Across both settings, breakfast-related practices showed significant associations with diet quality.
Conclusion: Associations between breakfast practices and diet quality differed between urban and rural adults, underscoring the importance of contextspecific strategies. Interventions to improve diet quality should therefore be tailored to local dietary behaviours and environments.
Key words: eating practices, diet quality, Indonesian adults, urban and rural
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Food environment determinants on the intake of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Down Syndrome (DS) in Indonesia, Lao PDR and Malaysia
Ahmad Thohir Hidayat, Judhiastuty Februhartanty, Indah Suci Widyahening, Seong Ting Chen, Kiengkay Ounmany, Sombounmy Phomtavong, Mohamad Faris Idham Zainurin, Fazliana Mansor, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Aswir Abd Rashed, Hajah Salmah Jopri, Che’ Rozaniza Azizan, Wai Yew Yang, Jesus Corpuz Fernandez & Muchtaruddin Mansyur
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0047
Food environment determinants on the intake of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Down Syndrome (DS) in Indonesia, Lao PDR and Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The nutritional status of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Down Syndrome (DS) is influenced by multiple food environment determinants. However, the precise relationship between food environment determinants and nutritional outcomes in these children remains unclear. This study aimed to understand the food environment determinants that are associated with the intake and nutritional status of these children in Malaysia, Lao PDR, and Indonesia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 7- to 18-year-old students with ADHD and DS in three Southeast Asian countries. Sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, and repeated 24-hour food recall data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric data were obtained through direct measurements and analysed using the WHO AnthroPlus software. Further analyses were done using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.
Results: Total participants were 284 children, comprised of 37.7% with ADHD and 62.3% with DS; 62.3% of the children were boys and 37.7% were girls. Among the food environment determinants collected during the study, monthly household income and school food assistance status had significant associations (p<0.05) with BMI-for-age z-score category and total energy, protein, zinc, and calcium intakes. While the country, type of residence, and type of school had significant associations with total energy, protein, zinc, and calcium intakes.
Conclusion: Food environment determinants, particularly household income and access to school food assistance, significantly influence the nutritional status and intake of children with ADHD and Down Syndrome. Thus, strengthening inclusive nutrition programmes may improve outcomes for this vulnerable group in Southeast Asia.
Key words: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, Down Syndrome, food environment, nutrition, Southeast Asian
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Introduction: The nutritional status of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Down Syndrome (DS) is influenced by multiple food environment determinants. However, the precise relationship between food environment determinants and nutritional outcomes in these children remains unclear. This study aimed to understand the food environment determinants that are associated with the intake and nutritional status of these children in Malaysia, Lao PDR, and Indonesia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 7- to 18-year-old students with ADHD and DS in three Southeast Asian countries. Sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, and repeated 24-hour food recall data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric data were obtained through direct measurements and analysed using the WHO AnthroPlus software. Further analyses were done using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.
Results: Total participants were 284 children, comprised of 37.7% with ADHD and 62.3% with DS; 62.3% of the children were boys and 37.7% were girls. Among the food environment determinants collected during the study, monthly household income and school food assistance status had significant associations (p<0.05) with BMI-for-age z-score category and total energy, protein, zinc, and calcium intakes. While the country, type of residence, and type of school had significant associations with total energy, protein, zinc, and calcium intakes.
Conclusion: Food environment determinants, particularly household income and access to school food assistance, significantly influence the nutritional status and intake of children with ADHD and Down Syndrome. Thus, strengthening inclusive nutrition programmes may improve outcomes for this vulnerable group in Southeast Asia.
Key words: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, Down Syndrome, food environment, nutrition, Southeast Asian
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Transforming University Nutrition Environments (TUNE): Initial findings on nutritional quality and vendors’ perspectives of foods sold at Universiti Malaya’s residential campus cafeterias
Ai Kah Ng, Juan Carlos Algaba, Ruban Rao, Heng Yaw Yong, Wai Yew Yang, Thangiah Nithiah, Bala Murali Sundram & N Hairi Noran
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0036
Transforming University Nutrition Environments (TUNE): Initial findings on nutritional quality and vendors’ perspectives of foods sold at Universiti Malaya’s residential campus cafeterias
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cafeteria environments within universities have a significant influence over sustainable and healthy dietary behaviours. Hence, this study aimed to understand the nutritional landscape of food options in university cafeterias and to identify the factors contributing to unhealthy food options from the perspective of food service vendors.
Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, 122 food options from all 12 residential campus cafeterias in Universiti Malaya (UM) were collected between October and December 2024. All food options were grouped into (i) bread, (ii) meat dishes, (iii) drinks, (iv) Western dishes, and (v) rice- or noodle-based fried food group; they were further analysed for calories, fat, saturated fat, dietary fibre, and salt using the Malaysian Food Composition Database (MyFCD) and the Singapore Food Composition Database (SFCD). Nutrient classification (high vs. low) was based on the criteria outlined in the Labelling Guidelines 2023. Additionally, food service vendors were interviewed to explore operational challenges, with data collection ceasing upon reaching thematic saturation. The interviews were then transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.
Results: Quantitative findings showed that there were 36 bread-based meals, 16 meat-based dishes, 18 beverages, 30 Westernstyle meals, and 22 rice- or noodle-based fried foods. The study also revealed an over-reliance on high-calorie, high-fat, and low-fibre foods, with limited availability of sustainable and nutritious options. Qualitative findings highlighted the influence of affordability, vendor practices, and student preferences on campus food choices.
Conclusion: The study underscored the need for internal policy intervention, improved vendor education and sustainability practices, and increased accessibility to healthier meals on campus.
Key words: eating environment, food choices, healthy, sustainability, university cafeteria
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Introduction: Cafeteria environments within universities have a significant influence over sustainable and healthy dietary behaviours. Hence, this study aimed to understand the nutritional landscape of food options in university cafeterias and to identify the factors contributing to unhealthy food options from the perspective of food service vendors.
Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, 122 food options from all 12 residential campus cafeterias in Universiti Malaya (UM) were collected between October and December 2024. All food options were grouped into (i) bread, (ii) meat dishes, (iii) drinks, (iv) Western dishes, and (v) rice- or noodle-based fried food group; they were further analysed for calories, fat, saturated fat, dietary fibre, and salt using the Malaysian Food Composition Database (MyFCD) and the Singapore Food Composition Database (SFCD). Nutrient classification (high vs. low) was based on the criteria outlined in the Labelling Guidelines 2023. Additionally, food service vendors were interviewed to explore operational challenges, with data collection ceasing upon reaching thematic saturation. The interviews were then transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.
Results: Quantitative findings showed that there were 36 bread-based meals, 16 meat-based dishes, 18 beverages, 30 Westernstyle meals, and 22 rice- or noodle-based fried foods. The study also revealed an over-reliance on high-calorie, high-fat, and low-fibre foods, with limited availability of sustainable and nutritious options. Qualitative findings highlighted the influence of affordability, vendor practices, and student preferences on campus food choices.
Conclusion: The study underscored the need for internal policy intervention, improved vendor education and sustainability practices, and increased accessibility to healthier meals on campus.
Key words: eating environment, food choices, healthy, sustainability, university cafeteria
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Obesogenic behaviour and food insecurity on dietary intake of informal working mothers with children under five in the post-pandemic era
Adhila Fayasari & Lina Agestika
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0055
Obesogenic behaviour and food insecurity on dietary intake of informal working mothers with children under five in the post-pandemic era
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on informal working mothers, who struggle to balance employment and childcare amid limited resources. These challenges have increased food insecurity and obesogenic behaviour, affecting their dietary intake. This study examined the association between food insecurity and obesogenic behaviour in informal working mothers in peri-urban and rural areas, focusing on their dietary patterns during the post-pandemic era.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in peri-urban and rural areas of Indonesia between November and December 2022. A total of 143 informal working mothers with children under five were recruited through consecutive sampling; data collection was carried out via home visits. Household food insecurity and obesogenic behaviour were assessed using validated questionnaires, while dietary intake was assessed using dietary recalls, with statistical analysis performed using multinomial logistic regression analysis.
Results: Obesogenic behaviour was more prevalent in rural areas (59.1%), while food insecurity with hunger was more prevalent in periurban areas (60.5%). Obesogenic behaviour had no significant association with dietary intake. Regression analysis showed that food insecurity with hunger had lower odds of high protein intake (OR=0.30, p=0.038) and high carbohydrate intake (OR=0.26, p=0.024). The model suggested that additional social, economic, and environmental factors likely contributed to dietary differences.
Conclusion: Household food insecurity was higher in peri-urban areas and significantly associated with energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes, while obesogenic behaviour showed no significant link to dietary intake. Ensuring food security in families with informal working mothers requires comprehensive efforts.
Key words: dietary intake, food insecurity, informal sector, obesogenic behaviour
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on informal working mothers, who struggle to balance employment and childcare amid limited resources. These challenges have increased food insecurity and obesogenic behaviour, affecting their dietary intake. This study examined the association between food insecurity and obesogenic behaviour in informal working mothers in peri-urban and rural areas, focusing on their dietary patterns during the post-pandemic era.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in peri-urban and rural areas of Indonesia between November and December 2022. A total of 143 informal working mothers with children under five were recruited through consecutive sampling; data collection was carried out via home visits. Household food insecurity and obesogenic behaviour were assessed using validated questionnaires, while dietary intake was assessed using dietary recalls, with statistical analysis performed using multinomial logistic regression analysis.
Results: Obesogenic behaviour was more prevalent in rural areas (59.1%), while food insecurity with hunger was more prevalent in periurban areas (60.5%). Obesogenic behaviour had no significant association with dietary intake. Regression analysis showed that food insecurity with hunger had lower odds of high protein intake (OR=0.30, p=0.038) and high carbohydrate intake (OR=0.26, p=0.024). The model suggested that additional social, economic, and environmental factors likely contributed to dietary differences.
Conclusion: Household food insecurity was higher in peri-urban areas and significantly associated with energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes, while obesogenic behaviour showed no significant link to dietary intake. Ensuring food security in families with informal working mothers requires comprehensive efforts.
Key words: dietary intake, food insecurity, informal sector, obesogenic behaviour
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How geographical access shapes relationship between food security indicators and nutritional status in Indonesia
Betha Lusiana, Balgies Devi Fortuna, Nia Novita Wirawan & Sonya Dewi
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0039
How geographical access shapes relationship between food security indicators and nutritional status in Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Evidence-based food security interventions are more likely to be effective and impactful. Despite substantial investments in food and nutrition programmes, empirical evidence connecting community-level food security conditions with nutrition status across diverse rural contexts remains limited. This study aimed to link key food security indicators with nutritional status to support more targeted interventions.
Methods: Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 2023 among 1,016 farming households across 36 rural villages in South Sumatra, South Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, categorised as high, moderate, and low geographical accessibility. Anthropometric data were collected from mothers in the household, with body mass index (BMI) representing nutritional status. Five key food security indicators that measured food availability, access, and utilisation were analysed: food source, household food insecurity, food expenditure share, dietary diversity, and nutrition knowledge. Pearson’s chi-square test assessed associations between BMI and the indicators within each accessibility group; significant indicators were identified as key determinants.
Results: Food source, particularly reliance on homegrown foods, was a key determinant of nutritional status in low-accessibility villages. In moderately accessible villages, nutrition knowledge and food expenditure share were significantly associated with BMI. No significant associations emerged in highly accessible villages, suggesting more complex food environments in periurban settings.
Conclusion: Geographical accessibility shapes the determinants of nutritional status. Recommended interventions include enhancing subsistence food production in low-accessibility areas, strengthening financial and nutrition literacy in moderately accessible areas, and expanding nutrition education in highly accessible areas. Tailored approaches can improve the effectiveness of food and nutrition programmes across rural Indonesia.
Key words: food security interventions, geographic accessibility, Indonesia, nutritional status, nutrition education
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Introduction: Evidence-based food security interventions are more likely to be effective and impactful. Despite substantial investments in food and nutrition programmes, empirical evidence connecting community-level food security conditions with nutrition status across diverse rural contexts remains limited. This study aimed to link key food security indicators with nutritional status to support more targeted interventions.
Methods: Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 2023 among 1,016 farming households across 36 rural villages in South Sumatra, South Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, categorised as high, moderate, and low geographical accessibility. Anthropometric data were collected from mothers in the household, with body mass index (BMI) representing nutritional status. Five key food security indicators that measured food availability, access, and utilisation were analysed: food source, household food insecurity, food expenditure share, dietary diversity, and nutrition knowledge. Pearson’s chi-square test assessed associations between BMI and the indicators within each accessibility group; significant indicators were identified as key determinants.
Results: Food source, particularly reliance on homegrown foods, was a key determinant of nutritional status in low-accessibility villages. In moderately accessible villages, nutrition knowledge and food expenditure share were significantly associated with BMI. No significant associations emerged in highly accessible villages, suggesting more complex food environments in periurban settings.
Conclusion: Geographical accessibility shapes the determinants of nutritional status. Recommended interventions include enhancing subsistence food production in low-accessibility areas, strengthening financial and nutrition literacy in moderately accessible areas, and expanding nutrition education in highly accessible areas. Tailored approaches can improve the effectiveness of food and nutrition programmes across rural Indonesia.
Key words: food security interventions, geographic accessibility, Indonesia, nutritional status, nutrition education
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Food security as a key determinant of complementary feeding practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from an online survey in Indonesia
Athiya Fadlina, Cahya Ayu Agustin & Judhiastuty Februhartanty
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0042
Food security as a key determinant of complementary feeding practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from an online survey in Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Optimal complementary feeding practices after six months are crucial for child growth and development. The COVID-19 pandemic may have disrupted factors influencing these practices, including food security and social support. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) among Indonesian infants aged 6–11 months during the pandemic.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted as part of the multinational COVID-19 Mom-Infant Study. Convenience sampling recruited 403 mothers living in Indonesia (aged ≥18 years) with infants aged 6-11 months. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), UK COVID-19 New Mums questionnaire, and Demographic and Health Survey were used to assess food security, psychosocial and social support, and MAD. Multivariable logistic regression identified MAD determinants.
Results: Most mothers were 25-34 years old, had a high level of education, were from middle- to high-income households, were not working, and resided on Java Island. The prevalence of MAD was 74.2%, while 26.6% of households experienced food insecurity. Primary support came from husbands. Bivariate analyses indicated that child’s age, maternal education and employment, maternal mood, household income and food security, husband’s support, and support group were associated with MAD. However, only household food security remained significantly associated with MAD in multivariate analysis (aOR=2.155; 95% CI =1.239–3.750; p=0.007).
Conclusion: Household food security was crucial for sustaining infant feeding during the pandemic, particularly in high socioeconomic and urban settings. Targeted interventions should focus on strengthening both the food environment and caregiver’s capacity through adaptive food access strategies and communitybased support.
Key words: complementary feeding practice, COVID-19 pandemic, food security, minimum acceptable diet
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Introduction: Optimal complementary feeding practices after six months are crucial for child growth and development. The COVID-19 pandemic may have disrupted factors influencing these practices, including food security and social support. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) among Indonesian infants aged 6–11 months during the pandemic.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted as part of the multinational COVID-19 Mom-Infant Study. Convenience sampling recruited 403 mothers living in Indonesia (aged ≥18 years) with infants aged 6-11 months. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), UK COVID-19 New Mums questionnaire, and Demographic and Health Survey were used to assess food security, psychosocial and social support, and MAD. Multivariable logistic regression identified MAD determinants.
Results: Most mothers were 25-34 years old, had a high level of education, were from middle- to high-income households, were not working, and resided on Java Island. The prevalence of MAD was 74.2%, while 26.6% of households experienced food insecurity. Primary support came from husbands. Bivariate analyses indicated that child’s age, maternal education and employment, maternal mood, household income and food security, husband’s support, and support group were associated with MAD. However, only household food security remained significantly associated with MAD in multivariate analysis (aOR=2.155; 95% CI =1.239–3.750; p=0.007).
Conclusion: Household food security was crucial for sustaining infant feeding during the pandemic, particularly in high socioeconomic and urban settings. Targeted interventions should focus on strengthening both the food environment and caregiver’s capacity through adaptive food access strategies and communitybased support.
Key words: complementary feeding practice, COVID-19 pandemic, food security, minimum acceptable diet
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Food security status of Indonesian university students and its sociodemographic factors
Helda Khusun, Imas Arumsari, Izza Suraya, Fildzah Badzlina & Ummatul Fitri
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0046
Food security status of Indonesian university students and its sociodemographic factors
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Food insecurity is increasingly recognised as a major challenge among university students, who are often more vulnerable than the general population. Limited evidence exists in low- and middle-income countries such as Indonesia, where rapid higher education expansion lacks parallel student welfare policies. This study aimed to assess the food security status among Indonesian university students and examine its sociodemographic correlates.
Methods: This was an online study among 850 students recruited via social media. Using the short-form Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM), food security was categorised into high (scores 0-1), low (scores 2-4), and very low (scores 5-6). The sociodemographic characteristics included age, gender, parental education, living arrangements, and living allowance usage (main meals, other meals, entertainment, transportation, and internet). Factors associated with food security were analysed using chi-square test, followed by logistic regression.
Results: Only 32.5% of students were food secure, while 46.1% and 21.4% experienced low and very low food security, respectively; 10.4% were severely food insecure (score = 6). Living away from family increased the odds of food insecurity (AOR = 1.71; p=0.004), as did higher allowance use for main meals (AOR = 1.44; p=0.040). Conversely, spending on entertainment was associated with lower food insecurity (AOR = 0.59; p<0.001), suggesting that only those with surplus funds could afford entertainment.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the high prevalence of food insecurity among Indonesian university students, which underscores an urgent need for institutional and policy interventions targeting students living independently and facing financial constraints.
Key words: food security, sociodemographic factors, university students
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Introduction: Food insecurity is increasingly recognised as a major challenge among university students, who are often more vulnerable than the general population. Limited evidence exists in low- and middle-income countries such as Indonesia, where rapid higher education expansion lacks parallel student welfare policies. This study aimed to assess the food security status among Indonesian university students and examine its sociodemographic correlates.
Methods: This was an online study among 850 students recruited via social media. Using the short-form Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM), food security was categorised into high (scores 0-1), low (scores 2-4), and very low (scores 5-6). The sociodemographic characteristics included age, gender, parental education, living arrangements, and living allowance usage (main meals, other meals, entertainment, transportation, and internet). Factors associated with food security were analysed using chi-square test, followed by logistic regression.
Results: Only 32.5% of students were food secure, while 46.1% and 21.4% experienced low and very low food security, respectively; 10.4% were severely food insecure (score = 6). Living away from family increased the odds of food insecurity (AOR = 1.71; p=0.004), as did higher allowance use for main meals (AOR = 1.44; p=0.040). Conversely, spending on entertainment was associated with lower food insecurity (AOR = 0.59; p<0.001), suggesting that only those with surplus funds could afford entertainment.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the high prevalence of food insecurity among Indonesian university students, which underscores an urgent need for institutional and policy interventions targeting students living independently and facing financial constraints.
Key words: food security, sociodemographic factors, university students
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